• Skip to main content

CONCRETE CORING COMPANY

GRAFF COMPANY

  • About Us

    ABOUT PENHALL

    Penhall has been the United States' and Canada's go-to concrete services partner since 1957.

    • OUR STORY

    • LEADERSHIP TEAM

    • SAFETY

    • CAREERS

    • RESOURCES

    • FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

    • SUSTAINABILITY

    CONTACT PENHALL

    Penhall Trucks

    We've handled projects of all types and sizes, with a track record of excellence going back more than 60 years. Contact us about your next project.

    TALK TO US
  • Services

    CONCRETE SERVICES

    Whether it's coring, flat sawing, wall sawing, or breaking and removal, we pride ourselves in our experience, expertise, top-of-the-line equipment, and unwavering commitment to safety.

    • CONCRETE CORING

    • CONCRETE CUTTING

    • DEMOLITION

    • HYDRODEMOLITION

    • STRUCTURAL REPAIR

    • GRINDING & GROOVING

    • BRIDGE SERVICES

    • SCARIFYING & SHAVING

    • BREAKING & REMOVAL

    • OPERATED EQUIPMENT RENTALS

    TECHNOLOGY SERVICES

    Our technology services provide industry-leading solutions in concrete scanning, private utility locating, digital x-ray imaging and fiber reinforced polymer, ensuring precision, safety, and efficiency.

    • CONCRETE GPR SCANNING

    • CONCRETE X-RAY IMAGING

    • PRIVATE UTILITY LOCATING

    • FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER

    LUNCH AND LEARN WITH PENHALL COMPANY

    Lunch & Learn

    We're excited to offer you an engaging and informative session that will introduce you to our range of services, industry expertise, and innovative solutions. As a leading provider in concrete cutting, coring, and demolition, Penhall Company is committed to delivering top-notch service and exceeding your expectations. Grab your seat, enjoy a delicious meal, and discover how partnering with us can benefit your projects.

    SCHEDULE A LUNCH & LEARN
  • Industries

    OUR PROJECTS

    Penhall Company has had the opportunity to work on some of the most challenging and wide-ranging projects in North America.

    • ALL PROJECTS

    • AVIATION

    • CHURCHES

    • COMMERCIAL

    • DOT / INFRASTRUCTURE

    • EDUCATION

    • ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING

    • GRAFF

    • HEALTHCARE / HOSPITAL

    • HOSPITALITY

    • INDUSTRIAL

    • LOCK / DAM

    • POWER / NUCLEAR

    • RESIDENTIAL

    • WATER / WASTEWATER TREATMENT

    LATEST PROJECT

    Ashtabula II Wind Farm Foundation Retrofit: Precision GPR Scanning and Core Drilling

    LOCATION: Luverne, ND
    SERVICE: GPR SCANNING, CORE DRILLING
    READ MORE
  • Locations
penhall menu logo
  • Careers
  • Contact Us
  • QUOTE REQUEST
  • Site Contact Information

  • (XXX) XXX-XXXX
  •  
  • Job Site Location

  • After submitting this form a Penhall Company representative will be in contact with you within 24hrs. If this request is urgent, please call 1-800-PENHALL to be connected with the nearest Penhall branch. Upon submitting this form you will also receive occasional news, offers and updates from Penhall Company. You may unsubscribe from these e-mails at anytime.

  • This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.

penhall menu logo
  • About Us
    • Our Story
    • Leadership Team
    • Sustainability
  • Safety
  • Services
    • Concrete Services
      • Concrete Coring
      • Concrete Cutting
      • Demolition
      • Hydrodemolition
      • Structural Repair
      • Grinding & Grooving
      • Bridge Services
      • Scarifying & Shaving
      • Breaking & Removal
      • Operated Equipment Rentals
    • Technology Services
      • Concrete GPR Scanning
      • X-Ray Imaging
      • Private Utility Locating
      • Fiber Reinforced Polymer
  • Industries
  • Resources
    • Articles
    • Frequently Asked Questions
  • Contact Us
  • Find a Branch
  • Request a Quote
  • JOIN PENHALL COMPANY
  • Concrete Coring Company
  • Graff Company
×
  • About Us
    • Our Story
    • Leadership Team
    • Sustainability
  • Safety
  • Services
    • Concrete Services
      • Concrete Coring
      • Concrete Cutting
      • Demolition
      • Hydrodemolition
      • Structural Repair
      • Grinding & Grooving
      • Bridge Services
      • Scarifying & Shaving
      • Breaking & Removal
      • Operated Equipment Rentals
    • Technology Services
      • Concrete GPR Scanning
      • X-Ray Imaging
      • Private Utility Locating
      • Fiber Reinforced Polymer
  • Industries
  • Resources
    • Articles
    • Frequently Asked Questions
  • Contact Us
  • Find a Branch
  • Request a Quote
  • JOIN PENHALL COMPANY
  • Concrete Coring Company
  • Graff Company

Articles

CONCRETE SERVICES

Post-Tension Cables: The Unsung Heroes of Modern Construction

In the world of modern construction, there's an unsung hero that's been quietly revolutionizing the way we build: post-tension cables.

CALL FOR A QUOTE
1-800-736-4255

What are Post-Tension Cables?

In the world of modern construction, there's an unsung hero that's been quietly revolutionizing the way we build: post-tension cables. These seemingly simple strands of steel have transformed the construction industry, enabling architects and engineers to push the boundaries of what's possible in terms of design and structural performance. We even provide technology services to identify them in buildings before work is done.  But what exactly are post-tension cables, and how do they work their magic?

Post-tension cables are high-strength steel strands, wires, or bars that are used to reinforce concrete structures. Unlike traditional pre-stressed concrete, where the tension is applied to the reinforcement before the concrete is poured, post-tensioning involves applying the tension after the concrete has hardened. This distinction may seem small, but it has significant implications for the strength, efficiency, and versatility of the resulting structure.

The history of post-tensioning dates back to the early 20th century, but it wasn't until the 1950s and 60s that the technology really began to take off. Today, post-tension cables are used in a wide range of applications, from bridges and high-rise buildings to residential slabs and parking structures. Their ability to enable longer spans, thinner slabs, and more complex designs has made them an indispensable tool in the modern builder's toolkit.

Components of a Post-Tensioning System

A post-tensioning system is made up of several key components, each of which plays a critical role in the overall performance of the structure. At the heart of the system are the cables themselves, which are typically made of high-strength steel strands, wires, or bars. These cables are designed to withstand enormous tensile forces, with strength and durability characteristics that far exceed those of conventional reinforcement.

The cables are typically arranged in one of two configurations: single strands or multiple strands bundled together. In either case, the cables are coated with a corrosion-inhibiting grease and encased in a plastic sheathing to protect them from the elements and ensure their long-term performance.

The cables are anchored at each end by a device called a tendon. Tendons come in two main types: unbonded and bonded. Unbonded tendons are free to move within the concrete, while bonded tendons are grouted in place after tensioning. The choice between unbonded and bonded tendons depends on factors such as the specific application, environmental conditions, and design requirements.

The tensioning of the cables is accomplished using a jacking system, which applies a precise amount of force to the cables, typically using hydraulic or mechanical means. This force is then locked in place using anchors at each end of the tendon.

Finally, the space between the cables and the surrounding concrete is filled with a high-strength grout, which serves to protect the cables from corrosion and ensure effective load transfer between the cables and the concrete.

The Post-Tensioning Process: A Step-by-Step Guide

The post-tensioning process begins with careful design and planning. Engineers must calculate the precise tension levels and cable placements required to achieve the desired structural performance. This involves taking into account factors such as the loads the structure will be subject to, the span lengths, and the properties of the concrete and reinforcement.

Once the design is finalized, the first step in the installation process is to place the conduits or ducts that will house the post-tension cables. These are typically made of plastic or metal and are carefully positioned within the formwork before the concrete is poured.

After the concrete has been poured and allowed to cure to a sufficient strength, the post-tension cables are fed through the conduits. This is typically done using a specialized threading machine or by hand, depending on the size and complexity of the project.

Once the cables are in place, the tensioning process begins. The cables are anchored at one end and then stretched using a hydraulic jack at the other end. The amount of tension applied is carefully controlled and monitored to ensure that it meets the design specifications. After the desired tension level is achieved, the cables are locked off at the anchors, maintaining the tension within the structure.

The final step in the post-tensioning process is grouting. A high-strength grout is injected into the conduits, filling the space around the cables. This grout serves to protect the cables from corrosion and bond them to the surrounding concrete, creating a composite structure that acts as a single unit.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Post-Tensioning

Post-tensioning offers several significant advantages over conventional reinforced concrete construction:

Increased strength and span capabilities: By applying tension to the reinforcement after the concrete has hardened, post-tensioning allows for longer spans and thinner slabs compared to traditional methods. This can result in more open, flexible floor plans and reduced material usage.

Improved crack control and durability: The compressive forces introduced by post-tensioning help to minimize cracking in the concrete, leading to improved durability and a longer service life for the structure.

Flexibility in design: Post-tensioning allows for greater freedom in architectural design, enabling the creation of more complex and expressive structures.

However, post-tensioning also has some potential drawbacks:

Higher initial cost: The specialized equipment and expertise required for post-tensioning can result in higher upfront costs compared to conventional reinforced concrete.

Potential for corrosion: If not properly protected, post-tension cables can be vulnerable to corrosion, particularly in harsh environmental conditions. This can lead to costly repairs and maintenance over the life of the structure.

Challenges in repairs and maintenance: If issues do arise with post-tensioned structures, repairs and maintenance can be more complex and expensive compared to conventional reinforced concrete.

Safety Considerations and Regulations

Given the high forces involved in post-tensioning and the critical role that the cables play in the structural integrity of the building, safety is of paramount importance. Proper design and installation are crucial, and all work must be carried out by trained and certified professionals.

During the post-tensioning process, strict safety precautions must be followed to protect workers and ensure the integrity of the structure. This includes careful monitoring of the tensioning process, the use of appropriate personal protective equipment, and adherence to established safety protocols.

Post-tensioned structures are subject to a range of building codes and standards, which vary by jurisdiction. These codes typically specify requirements for materials, design, installation, and testing to ensure the safety and performance of the finished structure. Regular inspections and testing are also typically required to monitor the condition of the cables and anchorages over time.

Common Applications and Case Studies

Post-tensioning has found wide application in a variety of structures, from high-rise buildings and bridges to parking garages and residential homes. One of the most notable examples of post-tensioned construction is the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, the tallest building in the world. The tower's record-breaking height was made possible in part by the use of post-tensioned floor plates, which allowed for thinner slabs and more efficient use of material.

In the residential sector, post-tensioned slabs have become increasingly popular, particularly in areas with expansive soils. The ability of post-tensioning to resist soil movement and minimize cracking has made it an attractive option for homebuilders looking to provide a stable, durable foundation.

Other notable examples of post-tensioned structures include the Incheon Airport in South Korea, the Linn Cove Viaduct on the Blue Ridge Parkway in North Carolina, and the Alamillo Bridge in Seville, Spain. Each of these structures showcases the unique capabilities of post-tensioning in terms of span length, design flexibility, and structural efficiency.

Future Trends in Post-Tensioning Technology

As with any technology, post-tensioning continues to evolve and improve over time. One area of ongoing research and development is in the use of new materials, such as fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs), which offer the potential for even greater strength and durability compared to traditional steel cables.

Another trend is toward more sustainable and environmentally friendly approaches to post-tensioning. This includes the use of recycled and recyclable materials, as well as designs that minimize material usage and embodied energy.

Finally, there is growing interest in the integration of post-tensioning with smart building technologies, such as sensors and monitoring systems that can provide real-time data on the performance and condition of the structure. This data can be used to optimize maintenance and repair strategies, as well as to inform future designs.

The Importance of Post-Tension Cables in Modern Construction

Post-tension cables have revolutionized the way we build, enabling structures that are stronger, more efficient, and more durable than ever before. From towering skyscrapers to humble residential slabs, post-tensioning has proven itself to be a versatile and valuable tool in the modern builder's toolkit.

As we look to the future, it's clear that post-tensioning will continue to play a vital role in shaping our built environment. With ongoing advancements in materials, design, and technology, the possibilities for post-tensioned structures are virtually limitless. So the next time you marvel at a soaring bridge or a sleek high-rise, take a moment to appreciate the humble post-tension cable – the unsung hero of modern construction.

Glossary of Terms

Tendon: A sheathed cable or group of cables used to apply post-tensioning forces to concrete.

Anchorage: A device used to lock off the tension in a post-tensioned cable at the ends of a tendon.

Grout: A high-strength cement-based material used to fill the space around post-tension cables, providing corrosion protection and ensuring load transfer.

Unbonded tendon: A post-tension tendon that is free to move relative to the surrounding concrete.

Bonded tendon: A post-tension tendon that is bonded to the surrounding concrete through grouting after tensioning.

Resources and Further Reading

For those interested in learning more about post-tensioning, the following resources provide a wealth of additional information:

Post-Tensioning Institute (PTI): https://www.post-tensioning.org/

American Concrete Institute (ACI): https://www.concrete.org/

"Post-Tensioning Manual" by the Post-Tensioning Institute

"Design of Post-Tensioned Slabs" by Bijan O. Aalami

"Post-Tensioned Concrete: Principles and Practice" by K. Dirk Bondy

These resources offer detailed technical information, design guidelines, case studies, and best practices for the use of post-tensioning in concrete construction. Whether you're a seasoned professional or just starting to explore this fascinating technology, these resources are an invaluable source of knowledge and inspiration.

CONTACT US TODAY

  • Site Contact Information

  • (XXX) XXX-XXXX
  •  
  • Site Location

  • After submitting this form a Penhall Company representative will be in contact with you within 24hrs. If this request is urgent, please call 1-800-PENHALL to be connected with the nearest Penhall branch. Upon submitting this form you will also receive occasional news, offers and updates from Penhall Company. You may unsubscribe from these e-mails at anytime.

  • This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.

CONCRETE SERVICES

Ground Penetrating Radar vs. X-Ray: A Comprehensive Comparison

In the world of non-destructive testing and subsurface exploration, two technologies have emerged as powerful tools for revealing what lies beneath the surface: Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and X-ray imaging. While both methods provide valuable insights, they differ in their fundamental principles, applications, and suitability for various projects. This article aims to explore the key differences between GPR and X-ray, helping readers understand which technology best fits their needs.

CALL FOR A QUOTE
1-800-736-4255

The Fundamentals of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)

Ground Penetrating Radar is a non-invasive geophysical method that uses electromagnetic waves to create a detailed image of the subsurface. GPR systems emit high-frequency radio waves into the ground, which are then reflected by subsurface features and recorded by a receiver. The strength and timing of these reflections provide information about the depth, location, and properties of the subsurface materials.

GPR antennas come in various frequencies, each suitable for different applications. High-frequency antennas (900 MHz to 2.5 GHz) offer high resolution but limited depth penetration, making them ideal for shallow investigations such as concrete scanning. Low-frequency antennas (10 MHz to 500 MHz) provide greater depth penetration but lower resolution, making them suitable for deeper subsurface exploration, such as locating buried utilities or archaeological features.

The data collected by GPR is processed and visualized as a radargram, a two-dimensional image that represents the subsurface features along the survey line. Interpreting radargrams requires skill and experience, as the reflections can be complex and influenced by factors such as soil type, moisture content, and the presence of multiple layers or objects.

One of the key strengths of GPR is its non-destructive nature. It allows for subsurface investigation without the need for excavation or drilling, making it an attractive option for many applications. Additionally, GPR can provide real-time data, allowing for on-site interpretation and decision-making. It is also relatively fast, enabling the coverage of large areas in a short amount of time.

The Fundamentals of X-Ray Technology

X-ray technology relies on the use of ionizing radiation to create images of the internal structure of objects. X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation with shorter wavelengths and higher energy than visible light. When X-rays pass through an object, they are absorbed or scattered depending on the density and composition of the materials they encounter. This interaction creates a shadow image on a photographic film or digital detector, revealing the internal structure of the object.

X-ray systems come in various forms, each tailored to specific applications. Medical X-ray systems are designed for imaging the human body, while industrial X-ray systems are used for non-destructive testing of materials and components. These systems can range from portable handheld devices to large, fixed installations.

The process of acquiring an X-ray image involves placing the object between an X-ray source and a detector. The source emits a beam of X-rays that passes through the object, and the detector captures the resulting shadow image. The image, known as a radiograph, shows the internal structure of the object, with denser materials appearing lighter and less dense materials appearing darker.

One of the key strengths of X-ray technology is its ability to provide high-resolution images of dense materials, such as metals and ceramics. X-rays can penetrate these materials and reveal internal flaws, defects, and structural details that may not be visible from the surface. X-ray systems are widely available and relatively inexpensive compared to other advanced imaging technologies.

Key Differences Between GPR and X-Ray

Feature
Safety & Radiation Safer, uses non-hazardous electromagnetic waves Uses ionizing radiation, requiring safety measures such as area clearing, PPE, and jobsite closures
Depth & Penetration Penetrates 12-24 inches on average, up to 36 inches in concrete Limited to the thickness of the concrete being scanne
Imaging & Accuracy Produces radargrams that require skilled interpretation Provides clearer, more detailed images, often considered more accurate for structural details
Versatility & Applications Detects metallic and non-metallic objects, including plastic conduits and voids; works on slab-on-grade concrete Requires access to both sides of the concrete structure; designed specifically for concrete scanning
Speed & Efficiency Faster, covers larger areas quickly, provides real-time data Slower process, often requires off-site data development
Cost-effectiveness More cost-effective due to faster scanning, lower equipment and personnel costs, and fewer safety requirements More expensive due to specialized equipment, training, and additional safety measure

While both GPR and X-ray are used for non-destructive testing and imaging, they differ in several key aspects:

Type of Radiation

GPR uses non-ionizing electromagnetic waves in the radio frequency range, which are generally considered safe for operators and the environment. In contrast, X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation that can be harmful to living tissues. This difference has significant implications for safety and the required precautions during operation.

Penetration Depth

GPR's penetration depth depends on the frequency of the antenna and the properties of the materials being investigated. In general, GPR can penetrate deeper into the subsurface than X-rays, especially in soils and other porous materials. Low-frequency GPR systems can achieve depths of several meters, while high-frequency systems are limited to shallower depths, typically less than a meter.

X-ray penetration depth is primarily determined by the energy of the X-ray beam and the density of the materials being imaged. X-rays can penetrate dense materials like concrete and steel, but their penetration depth is generally limited to the thickness of the object being scanned.

Resolution and Image Quality

X-ray imaging typically provides higher resolution and clearer images than GPR, especially for dense materials. X-ray images can reveal fine details and internal structures with sub-millimeter accuracy. This makes X-ray imaging particularly suitable for detecting small defects, cracks, or inclusions in materials like concrete or metal components.

GPR, on the other hand, produces lower-resolution images that may require more interpretation. The resolution of GPR images depends on the frequency of the antenna and the properties of the materials being investigated. Higher frequencies provide better resolution but limited penetration depth, while lower frequencies offer greater depth penetration but lower resolution.

Target Materials

GPR is suitable for a wide range of materials, including soils, rocks, concrete, asphalt, and even water. It can detect both metallic and non-metallic objects, such as plastic pipes, voids, and changes in material properties. This versatility makes GPR a valuable tool for applications like utility mapping, archaeological surveys, and environmental investigations.

X-ray imaging is primarily used for dense materials like concrete, metals, and ceramics. It is particularly effective for detecting internal flaws, voids, and reinforcement details in concrete structures. X-ray imaging is also widely used in medical applications for visualizing bones and other dense tissues.

Safety Considerations

The use of X-rays requires strict safety measures to protect operators and bystanders from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. This includes proper shielding, personal protective equipment, and adherence to radiation safety protocols. X-ray operations may require clearing the area and restricting access to the scanning site.

GPR, on the other hand, does not pose significant safety risks, as the electromagnetic waves used are non-ionizing and generally considered safe for human exposure. However, operators should still follow manufacturer guidelines and avoid direct contact with the antenna during operation.

Cost and Equipment

The cost and complexity of GPR and X-ray equipment can vary significantly depending on the specific application and system requirements. In general, GPR equipment is more affordable and widely available than X-ray systems. GPR systems can range from simple handheld units to advanced multi-channel systems with specialized software for data processing and interpretation.

X-ray equipment tends to be more expensive and specialized, especially for industrial applications. X-ray systems require a radiation source, detector, and appropriate shielding, which can add to the overall cost. Additionally, X-ray operations may require specialized training and certification for operators.

Applications of GPR and X-Ray

GPR and X-ray imaging find applications across various fields, each leveraging the unique strengths of the respective technologies.

GPR is widely used in:

Utility mapping and locating buried infrastructure

Archaeological surveys and cultural heritage preservation

Environmental investigations, such as locating underground storage tanks or contamination plumes

Geotechnical investigations, such as bedrock profiling and soil characterization

Concrete scanning for locating reinforcement, voids, or deterioration

Forensic investigations and law enforcement

X-ray imaging is commonly used in:

Medical diagnostics, such as bone imaging and dental radiography

Industrial non-destructive testing, such as weld inspection and component quality control

Security screening, such as baggage inspection at airports

Art and artifact analysis, such as examining paintings for hidden details or forgeries

Material science research, such as studying the internal structure of materials

Forensic investigations and law enforcement

Final Thoughts

Ground Penetrating Radar and X-ray imaging are both powerful tools for non-destructive testing and subsurface exploration. While they share the goal of revealing what lies beneath the surface, they differ in their fundamental principles, capabilities, and applications.

GPR offers a safe, versatile, and cost-effective solution for a wide range of subsurface investigations, providing real-time data and the ability to detect both metallic and non-metallic objects. It is particularly useful for applications that require deeper penetration and the mapping of larger areas.

X-ray imaging, on the other hand, excels in providing high-resolution images of dense materials, making it an invaluable tool for detecting internal flaws, defects, and structural details. However, the use of ionizing radiation requires strict safety measures and specialized equipment.

As technology advances, both GPR and X-ray imaging continue to evolve, with improvements in resolution, data processing, and user-friendliness. Hybrid systems that combine the strengths of both technologies, such as Xradar Guaranteed Concrete Scanning, are also emerging as potential alternatives for specific applications.

Ultimately, the choice between GPR and X-ray imaging depends on the specific requirements of the project, the materials being investigated, and the desired outcomes. Understanding the key differences between these technologies is crucial for making informed decisions and achieving the best results.

CONTACT US TODAY

  • Site Contact Information

  • (XXX) XXX-XXXX
  •  
  • Site Location

  • After submitting this form a Penhall Company representative will be in contact with you within 24hrs. If this request is urgent, please call 1-800-PENHALL to be connected with the nearest Penhall branch. Upon submitting this form you will also receive occasional news, offers and updates from Penhall Company. You may unsubscribe from these e-mails at anytime.

  • This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.

IRVING, TX — JANUARY 3, 2023 – Penhall Company, the nation’s leader in concrete cutting and removal services, today announced it has acquired the equipment of COBRA Concrete Cutting of Pinellas, Inc., located in Pinellas, Florida. Penhall Company has hired the former COBRA Concrete Cutting of Pinellas, Inc., Operations Manager, Steve Milligan to manage our Pinellas location. The location offers a multitude of concrete solution services to the construction industry throughout Tampa, St Petersburg, Clearwater, and surrounding areas. Dan Curnow, a veteran of the Penhall Company and concrete cutting industry will help transition Steve Milligan, the current COBRA Concrete Cutting of Pinellas, Inc., Operations Manager, to Penhall Company.

“In a business where safety, customer service and reliable delivery of services are important, the asset purchase of COBRA Concrete Cutting of Pinellas, Inc., Pinellas, Florida, location, will enhance the Penhall Company’s service capabilities and expand our services throughout the greater Tampa markets,” said Greg Rice, President and Chief Executive Officer of Penhall Company. “We welcome Steve into our Red and Gray family.”

With over 40 branch/service locations throughout the US and Canada, Penhall Company serves a broad range of end markets including retail, military, government, hospitality, highway, residential, mining, refining, chemical and utilities. With the acquisition of the assets of the COBRA Concrete Cutting of Pinellas, Inc., Penhall Company positions itself to offer a full range of services to the Tampa, St Petersburg, Clearwater, Florida, and surrounding areas to include: Concrete Cutting and Coring, Concrete Breaking, Specialized Demolition, GPR concrete scanning, Digital X-Ray, Utility Locating, Fiber-Reinforced Polymer for concrete strengthening, Grinding and Grooving, and Bridge Services.

IRVING, TX — October 3, 2022 – Penhall Company, the nation’s leader in concrete cutting and removal services, today announced it has acquired the equipment of Capitol Drilling & Sawing located in Memphis, Tennessee. In addition, Penhall Company has hired the former Capitol Drilling & Sawing employees located in the Memphis office. The Memphis Office of Capitol Drilling & Sawing was formerly operated as Bluff City Cutting and Concrete, established in 1997. The location offers a multitude of concrete solution services to the construction industry throughout Memphis, Western Tennessee, and surrounding areas. Michael Totty, a veteran of the Penhall Company will help transition Norman Mitchell, the current Capitol Drilling & Sawing Operations Manager, and its other employees to Penhall Company.

“In a business where safety, customer service and reliable delivery of services are important, the asset purchase of Capitol Drilling & Sawing, Memphis location, will enhance the Penhall Company’s service capabilities and expand our services throughout the Memphis, Western Tennessee, and surrounding markets,” said Greg Rice, President and Chief Executive Officer of Penhall Company. “We welcome the employees of the Capitol Drilling & Sawing Memphis location into our Red and Gray family.”

With over 40 branch/service locations throughout the US and Canada, Penhall Company serves a broad range of end markets including retail, military, government, hospitality, highway, residential, mining, refining, chemical and utilities. With the acquisition of the assets of the Capitol Drilling & Sawing Memphis, Tennessee location, Penhall Company positions itself to offer a full range of services to the Memphis, Tennessee, and surrounding areas to include: Concrete Cutting and Coring, Concrete Breaking, Specialized Demolition, GPR concrete scanning, Digital X-Ray, Utility Locating, Fiber-Reinforced Polymer for concrete strengthening, Grinding and Grooving, and Bridge Services.

Penhall Company is excited to announce that we have expanded our technology service operations to three new markets and their surrounding areas: Baton Rouge, Louisiana; New Orleans, Louisiana; and Orlando, Florida. This is part of our ongoing effort to reach customers and clients throughout the United States and Canada. Clients in these new regions will now get to experience first-hand the advanced technology, expert knowledge, and reliable service that Penhall offers. 

Our Sale and Service representatives are ready to leverage Penhall’s technology services to help you complete your next project.

Penhall technology services include:

Private Utility Locating: We’re experts in private utility locating. We employ the latest locating technologies to quickly find and mark underground pipes, gas lines, cable lines, storage tanks and more. 

Concrete Scanning: Our crews use ground penetrating radar to locate materials embedded in concrete. This includes rebar, post-tension cables, pipes and conduits, and voids. We can locate and identify subsurface features with exacting precision. 

Digital X-ray Scanning: When you need a clear, unobstructed image of features embedded in concrete, turn to our digital X-ray scanning technology. Safe and highly effective, digital X-ray imaging is one of the best means of locating and identifying subsurface features in concrete. 

Scarifying & Shaving: We can shave and scarify concrete surfaces to give you the ideal finish. We can smooth concrete, level concrete, create textured concrete, and more. 

Grinding & Grooving: Penhall Company is North America’s largest provider of concrete grinding and grooving. We can grind and grove virtually any surface, from highways and bridge decks to airplane runways and racetracks. 

Bridge Services: We are experts in bridge widening and removal. Our goal is always the same: to ensure the safety of the millions of drivers in some of the most traffic-heavy regions. 

Penhall Company is here for your next construction project.

When you’re in need of a trusted construction partner, contact Penhall. We’re committed to helping you complete your project the right way—safely, efficiently, and on budget.

Visit our Locations Page to see every service region and to get in touch with a local rep!

Concrete Saws

Used to cut concrete, asphalt, brick, and other stone-like materials, concrete saws are the most effective power tool in the concrete cutting industry today. These saws vary in size for numerous situations. Some are small enough to be hand-held, others like the one in the picture above are walk-behind saws while others are attached to a track and some controlled remotely. The type of fueling these saws use range anywhere from hydraulic, gasoline, diesel, and electric motors.

Today, the most popular type of blades attached to these saws are diamond tipped blades which allow for the most efficient and accurate cut. However, a more cost-efficient alternative to diamond tipped blades would be to incorporate the use of abrasive or grinding wheels instead. These grinding wheels are often composed of a steel or aluminum disk with various coarse particle materials bonded to the surface. The drawback to using grinding wheels as opposed to diamond tipped blades is that they will cut less efficiently, in spite of their lower cost.

There are a number of safety rules that come with operating a power tool such as the concrete saw. Because the saw operates by grinding metal against an opposing material, lots of friction is created as a byproduct. As such, the blade can become extremely hot and lots of dust can rise from the cutting. For this reason, a constant water flow is necessary to keep operation of these tools safe. The water simultaneously cools down the blade, preventing it from overheating while keeping the surface of the concrete wet so that the quantity of dust that gets kicked up stays minimal.

Diamond Blades (Grinding wheels)

Diamond blades, while used for “cutting” concrete and other like materials, are not quite blades so much as they are sophisticated grinding wheels. These blades create cuts in the ground by quickly spinning around and grinding the material upon making contact. In order to create a diamond blade, actual diamonds are infused into a metal coating thus creating the blade.

Diamonds are fused into this metal coating through several different methods: electroplating, vacuum brazing, and sintering. Electroplating involves the use of an electrical current to, very simply put, dissolve the metal atoms around the diamonds and plating the metal atoms over the diamonds dissolving into the metal at the same time. Vacuum brazing is different because it does not use an electric current to fuse materials. In this process, diamonds are welded to the outside of the blade, therefore making vacuum-brazed blades a non-metal-diamond mixture. All of the diamonds are on the exterior of the blade. The most common type of diamond blades are those that are sintered. The blade is composed of a steel base and uses metal powder to infuse the blade with diamonds. Sintering is a process by which a material is heated high enough to force material bonding without actually melting the material.

(Image source: Needpix)

A diamond core drill is a cylindrically shaped drill bit at the end of an electrically powered handle. The tip of the drill is embedded with diamonds so as to grind down the material in a quick, time-and-cost-efficient manner.

Diamond core drilling is the method of using a high-speed power drill to remove a cylindrical block of material from a larger body.

Whether it’s concrete, asphalt, brick, or other masonry materials, diamond core drilling is the most effective way to remove a core. Because core drilling does not detrimentally cause vibration damage to or impact the surrounding structure, it is safe and particularly effective for making electrical, plumbing, and HVAC installation openings.

A variety of drill sizes make it easier to perform a job. There are many types of drills that can be used for core drilling, but there are three types that are most common:

  • Small, lightweight, hand-held drills that can drill up to three inches in diameter. In terms of appearance, these would look very much like large shop drills.
  • Medium-duty drills, which can drill holes ranging from one to eight inches in diameter using a 15 to 18 amp electric motor.
  • Heavy-duty drills, which are far larger with an 18 to 20 amp electric, pneumatic or hydraulic motor and are normally used for thick, heavily reinforced structures and drilling particularly deep cores. Usually, anything larger than a hand drill will require a water-cooling system in order to ensure that the drill does not overheat or get too hot.

Repetitive stress and strain on concrete leads to a constant deterioration in the quality of concrete. This can mean the creation of potholes, cracks in the concrete and general rough patches that may appear in the pavement: all of which are dangerous for driving. Additionally, these dangers are detrimental to the quality of the concrete over time, and in order to preserve it while maintaining a certain level of safety, concrete pavement preservation techniques have been developed and diamond grinding is among them. Other techniques include road slab stabilization, dowel bar retrofit, joint and crack sealing, cross stitching longitudinal cracks, and both full and partial depth repair. Diamond grinding, however, restores smoothness in rideability by removing imperfections in the concrete that are created during construction or natural wear by automobile use over the concrete.

Profile grinding helps prevent cyclical loading, a key cause of pavement deterioration.

The California Department of Transportation (CALTRANS) reports that the average lifespan of diamond ground pavement is roughly 17 years. However, one of the main causes for concrete deterioration is cyclical loading. Large trucks ride across bumps and dips in the road and end up bouncing on their suspension vertically, causing dynamic loading. The increased weight caused by the bouncing in dynamic loading results in higher impact stress on the pavement and lower shelf-life for the road itself. Smooth surfaces consequently help prevent dynamic loading, keeping the average lifespan of pavement just a little bit higher.

Diamond grinding removes a thin layer from paved surfaces, producing a grooved surface with superior wear tolerance, longevity, and surface friction.

The process of diamond grinding requires that a thin layer of hardened concrete and asphalt pavement at the surface be removed with diamond saw blades. These blades are placed closely together and are run over the concrete at a standardized distance in order to cut consistent grooves in the concrete leaving a flat surface with a slight, longitudinal texture. A portion of the Interstate 10 in California was the first highway to receive this treatment was in 1965. By 1965, the highway was 19 years old and since then has been ground twice more. As 60 years after its construction can prove, diamond grinding definitively improves the longevity of highway pavement.

While diamond grinding is primarily used to smooth out pavement to make ride ability more manageable, this process solves a myriad of other problems. There are plenty of problems that can arise in aged and traveled highway pavement. Just a few of the many problems are faults at joints and cracks, unacceptable noise levels, and slab warping caused by construction curling and moisture gradient. Though these are just a few of the many different concrete defects, each can be solved or alleviated through diamond grinding. While this is done on highways, diamond grinding can also be provided to automobile manufacturers in order to conduct tests on new models as well as tire test tracks to examine how effective tires will be on different types of pavements.

Probably the greatest benefit to diamond grinding is its profound ability to reduce accidents. Because the macrotexture has increased, water drains far better at the tire-pavement intersection and improves friction in wetter environments. Because diamond-ground surfaces have a longitudinal texture pattern, a high level of directional stability and reduced possibility of hydroplaning. Diamond ground surfaces are therefore much safer than ground otherwise treated, particularly for automobiles with wearing tires.

In addition to the benefits aplenty to diamond profile grinding, it does not improve pavement’s fatigue life in a significant way. The slab thickness is diminished only slightly and does not do much for extending the carrying capacity for a pavement. A slab may be ground at least three times while still adding traffic carrying ability. Since a diamond-ground surface is dry a large majority of the time, freeze-thaw issues are avoided and will not add any conditions, weather-related or otherwise, that would reduce pavement durability.

(Image source: Max Andrey, Pexels)

Airport runway grooving might not be something the average traveler notices, but this engineering innovation has revolutionized aviation safety over the past several decades. When aircraft land on wet runways, the risk of hydroplaning—where tires lose contact with the pavement due to water—becomes a serious concern. Runway grooving addresses this challenge with a surprisingly simple yet highly effective solution. But what exactly is this technique, and why has it become standard practice at airports worldwide?

What Is Airport Runway Grooving?
Airport runway grooving is a specialized pavement treatment process that involves cutting narrow, evenly spaced channels across runway surfaces. These precisely engineered grooves create drainage paths that quickly channel water away from beneath aircraft tires during wet conditions, significantly improving traction and reducing hydroplaning risks.

The standard groove configuration, as established by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), consists of cuts that are ¼-inch (6mm) wide and ¼-inch deep, spaced at 1½-inch (38mm) intervals across the runway surface. These dimensions have been scientifically determined to provide optimal water evacuation while maintaining the structural integrity of the pavement.

As John Sharratt, a runway safety expert, explains: “Those small grooves make a tremendous difference. They can reduce stopping distances by up to 30% in wet conditions—that’s the difference between a safe landing and a potential runway excursion.”

The Science Behind Runway Grooving

How Hydroplaning Occurs
To understand why grooving works, we first need to understand the problem it solves. Hydroplaning happens when a layer of water builds up between an aircraft’s tires and the runway surface. This water layer creates a barrier that prevents direct contact between rubber and pavement, essentially causing the aircraft to “float” on a thin film of water.

There are three main types of hydroplaning that can affect aircraft:

  1. Dynamic hydroplaning: Occurs when water depth exceeds 0.1 inches and tire pressure can’t displace water quickly enough
  2. Viscous hydroplaning: Happens even on slightly damp surfaces when a thin film of water combines with runway contaminants
  3. Reverted rubber hydroplaning: Results when tires lock during heavy braking, creating steam that lifts the tire from the pavement

How Grooving Prevents Hydroplaning
Runway grooves work through several mechanisms:

  • Water evacuation: The grooves provide channels for water to escape from beneath tires
  • Increased surface area: The edges of the grooves create additional contact points for tires
  • Pressure release: Grooves reduce hydrodynamic pressure that builds up in front of moving tires
  • Texture enhancement: The grooved surface provides better macrotexture for tire grip

The History of Runway Grooving

The development of runway grooving represents a fascinating chapter in aviation safety history. The technique emerged in the 1960s as a response to a growing problem: the introduction of larger, faster jet aircraft coincided with an increase in hydroplaning-related incidents.

NASA researchers at Langley Research Center, led by engineer Thomas Yager, conducted pioneering studies on tire-pavement interactions. Their experiments revealed that cutting transverse grooves into runway surfaces dramatically improved wet-weather performance. By 1967, Washington National Airport (now Reagan National) became the first commercial airport to implement runway grooving.

The results were immediate and compelling. Accident rates on wet runways dropped significantly, leading the FAA to gradually adopt grooving as a standard safety measure. Today, virtually all major commercial airports worldwide incorporate some form of runway grooving.

The Grooving Process: How It’s Done

Creating these precision grooves requires specialized equipment and expertise.
Companies like Penhall, with decades of experience in concrete cutting and grooving, employ purpose-built machines equipped with diamond-tipped saw blades to create these critical safety features.

The grooving process typically follows these steps:

  1. Surface preparation: The runway is thoroughly cleaned to remove debris and contaminants
  2. Layout marking: Precise measurements ensure consistent groove spacing
  3. Cutting operation: Specialized grooving machines cut thousands of parallel grooves across the runway
  4. Cleanup and inspection: Debris is removed, and grooves are inspected for proper dimensions
  5. Final testing: Friction testing confirms the improved performance of the grooved surface

Benefits Beyond Hydroplaning Prevention

While preventing hydroplaning is the primary purpose of runway grooving, this technique offers several additional benefits:

Enhanced Braking Performance
Grooved runways provide better friction coefficients in all weather conditions. This improved traction translates to shorter stopping distances, which is particularly valuable at airports with shorter runways or challenging approach paths.
Reduced Rubber Buildup
Aircraft tires deposit rubber on runways during landings, gradually reducing surface friction. Grooves help mitigate this problem by:

  • Providing spaces for rubber particles to collect without affecting the entire surface
  • Making rubber removal maintenance more effective
  • Extending the time between required rubber removal operations

Improved Water Runoff and Drainage
Beyond preventing hydroplaning, grooves improve overall runway drainage, which:

  • Reduces standing water that can damage pavement over time
  • Minimizes splash and spray that can affect visibility
  • Helps prevent ice formation in colder climates

Extended Pavement Life
By efficiently channeling water away from the surface, grooves help protect the pavement structure from water infiltration and freeze-thaw damage, potentially extending runway lifespan by years.

Maintenance Considerations for Grooved Runways

Like any infrastructure element, grooved runways require ongoing maintenance to ensure continued effectiveness:

Rubber Removal
Aircraft landings deposit significant amounts of rubber in touchdown zones. This rubber gradually fills grooves, reducing their effectiveness. Regular rubber removal operations using:

  • High-pressure water blasting
  • Chemical treatments
  • Mechanical grinding

These methods restore groove functionality and maintain proper friction characteristics.

Re-grooving
Over time, grooves can wear down due to:

  • Normal wear from aircraft operations
  • Maintenance activities like snow removal
  • Pavement expansion and contraction

When groove dimensions fall below minimum standards (typically when 40% of grooves in a 1,500-foot section are less than 1/8 inch in depth), re-grooving becomes necessary to restore safety performance.

Inspection Programs
Regular inspection of groove dimensions using:

  • Laser profiling equipment
  • Manual depth gauges
  • Friction testing vehicles

These tools help airport operators monitor groove condition and plan maintenance activities.

The Cost-Benefit Analysis of Runway Grooving

While installing runway grooves represents a significant investment, the safety benefits far outweigh the costs. A typical grooving project might cost between $2-5 per square foot, depending on pavement type and local conditions.

However, these costs are offset by:

  • Reduced accident risk and associated liability
  • Extended pavement life due to improved drainage
  • Fewer weather-related delays and diversions
  • Decreased maintenance requirements for rubber removal

The Unseen Safety Feature That Saves Lives

Airport runway grooving represents one of aviation’s most successful yet least visible safety innovations. These precisely engineered channels have prevented countless incidents and saved lives through a remarkably simple concept: giving water somewhere to go.

The next time you experience a smooth landing on a rain-soaked runway, remember that those invisible grooves beneath your aircraft are working hard to keep you safe. For airports and aviation authorities worldwide, runway grooving isn’t just a safety feature—it’s an essential component of modern air travel infrastructure.

For concrete professionals like Penhall who create these critical safety features, runway grooving represents the perfect intersection of precision engineering and practical safety solutions. Through careful cutting and maintenance of these grooves, they help ensure that even in the most challenging weather conditions, aircraft can land safely day after day.

So what makes airport runway grooving so important? It’s the perfect example of how sometimes, the most significant safety innovations are the ones passengers never see or think about—until they’re needed most.

Concrete is one of the most commonly used construction materials in the world. Wherever there is any inkling of infrastructure, one can almost always find concrete there as well. Not all concrete is the same, however. Understanding these different types is crucial for selecting the right material for specific construction projects, ensuring optimal durability, strength, and cost-effectiveness. There are various types of concrete that exist in the world for numerous uses. One of the oldest concrete recipes from the Romans was a mix of volcanic ash and hydrated lime. But it has been a few centuries since then; in that time, concrete has developed and has become both advanced and increasingly diverse.

Modern Concrete

Most commonly, regular concrete is created by mixing Portland cement with both an aggregate and water-chemical mixtures. Portland cement serves as the primary binding agent, while aggregates (which can include sand, gravel, or crushed stone) provide volume and structural stability. The water-cement ratio is crucial, as it directly impacts the concrete’s strength and workability. Often times, cement and concrete are incorrectly interchanged: concrete is the hard, rock-like substance that is so frequently seen in urbanized areas. Cement is an ingredient, the powder, used in the creation of concrete. It is the most-produced material on Earth and will continue to be so long as there is a need to create, rebuild, or improve infrastructure.

Key Properties of Standard Concrete:

  • Compressive Strength: Typically 2,500-5,000 psi (17-34 MPa)
  • Tensile Strength: Relatively low, about 10% of compressive strength
  • Common Applications: Foundations, sidewalks, floors, basic structural elements
  • Advantages: Cost-effective, versatile, readily available
  • Limitations: Requires reinforcement for tensile loads, susceptible to cracking

High-Strength Concrete

High-strength concrete is different from normal-strength concrete in the amount of force it can resist without breaking. The American Concrete Institute differentiates high-strength from normal-strength at a compressive strength of over 6,000 psi (pounds square inch). In addition to varying the proportions of the materials used in normal-strength concrete, silica fume (a byproduct of silicon metal production that acts as a pozzolanic admixture) is added to the mixture in order to strengthen the bond between the cement and the aggregate. However, this admixture causes the cement to hydrate much faster, meaning that it dries quicker than usual. In order to keep consistent the balance between workability and strength, a superplasticizer (a type of high-range water-reducing admixture) is added to high-strength concrete. This slows down the chemical reaction between the cement and water, allowing for workers to place the concrete at a more effective pace.

Key Properties and Applications:

  • Compressive Strength: 6,000-15,000 psi (41-103 MPa)
  • Common Applications: High-rise buildings, bridges, heavy-load bearing structures
  • Advantages: Allows for smaller structural elements, greater durability, reduced maintenance
  • Limitations: Higher cost, requires precise mix design and quality control

High-Performance Concrete (HPC)

High-performance concrete, in contrast to high-strength concrete, is not necessarily known for its compressive resistance. While high-performance concrete can include a high compressive strength, other characteristics used to define “high performance” are the ease of placement without affecting strength, long-term mechanical properties, toughness, and longevity in various weather conditions among others.

HPC is engineered to deliver specific performance characteristics beyond standard strength requirements. These may include:

  • Enhanced Durability: Resistance to freeze-thaw cycles, chemical attack, and abrasion
  • Low Permeability: Reduced water and chloride ion penetration
  • Controlled Shrinkage: Minimized cracking during curing
  • Common Applications: Marine structures, bridges, parking structures, and environments with harsh exposure conditions
  • Composition: Often includes supplementary cementitious materials like fly ash, slag cement, or silica fume

Ultra High-Performance Concrete

This type of concrete is more often than not pre-mixed in bags because of the numerous ingredients needed to make it. It includes Portland cement, silica fume, quartz flour, and fine silica sand. However, high-range water reducers, water, and other steel or organic fibers are used to increase the strength of the mixture. Ultra-high performance concrete is particularly durable because of the combination of fine powders. Other types of concrete normally need a steel rebar or reinforcing to retain the intended structure, but UHPC is generally self-placing in addition to its incredible compressive strength of up to 29,000 psi. Its post-cracking longevity is one of UHPC’s strong points because even after this concrete cracks, it still is able to maintain structural integrity with an impressive tensile strength of 725 psi.

Key Properties of UHPC

  • Compressive Strength: 17,000-29,000 psi (120-200 MPa)
  • Tensile Strength: Approximately 725 psi (5 MPa)
  • Durability: Exceptional resistance to environmental degradation
  • Common Applications: Bridge connections, architectural elements, thin structural members, blast-resistant structures
  • Advantages: Reduced section sizes, exceptional durability, minimal maintenance requirements
  • Limitations: Significantly higher cost, specialized mixing and placement procedures

Stamped Concrete

Stamped concrete is another type of concrete that is very commonly used. Often seen in parking lots, pavements, or other like high-traffic areas, stamped concrete has more of an architectural application. Once concrete has been laid, a kind of mold can be placed on top of, or stamped, onto the hardening concrete to create the appearance of natural stone. Once the floor has been hardened, it will likely be sealed to increase the longevity of the dried mixture.

This decorative concrete option offers numerous benefits:

  • Aesthetic Versatility: Can mimic the appearance of brick, slate, flagstone, tile, wood, and other materials
  • Customization: Available in various colors, patterns, and textures
  • Common Applications: Patios, driveways, pool decks, walkways, interior flooring
  • Advantages: More economical than natural stone, durable, low maintenance
  • Considerations: Requires skilled installation, may need periodic resealing

Self-Consolidating Concrete

Normally, concrete requires a mechanical vibration while being set in order to release excess air that may be in the mixture. Self-consolidating concrete eliminates the need for mechanical consolidation (the vibrations) mainly through its malleable viscosity. Being able to control the flowability and stability, as achieved by using high-range-water-reducing admixtures, allows concrete to be placed quicker. Not only does this save time, but because there is no need for the mechanical consolidation, self-consolidating concrete saves labor, saves money, and makes it easier for workers to fill restricted or hard-to-reach areas.

Key Characteristics:

  • Flowability: Exceptional ability to flow and fill formwork without segregation
  • Composition: Contains specialized viscosity-modifying admixtures and superplasticizers
  • Common Applications: Complex formwork, congested reinforcement areas, architectural concrete
  • Advantages: Reduced labor costs, improved surface finish, reduced noise during placement
  • Considerations: Higher material cost, requires precise mix design

Shotcrete

Invented by taxidermist Carl Akeley in 1907, the initial dry method for placing shotcrete was by using a compressed air nozzle to shoot dry mix and injecting water through a separate hose at the head of the nozzle while the dry material is hurled toward the wall. The wet-mix shotcrete was developed later in the 1950’s and is only slightly different than the dry-mix shotcrete wherein dry-mix shotcrete involves the continuous feeding of a hopper through which dry mix would shoot through a nozzle and mix at the point of exit. Wet-mix shotcrete, however, involves the use of pre-mixed concrete. The concrete has already been prepared and therefore only involves one pump. The upside to using wet-mix shotcrete is that dry-mix shotcrete creates more waste (excess powder that falls to the floor), more rebound off the wall, and wet-mix shotcrete can place a larger quantity in a smaller amount of time.

Applications and Properties:

  • Common Uses: Swimming pools, tunnel linings, slope stabilization, structural repairs, earth retention systems
  • Advantages: Can be applied to vertical or overhead surfaces, minimal formwork required
  • Compressive Strength: Typically 4,000-7,000 psi (28-48 MPa), but can be engineered for higher strengths
  • Considerations: Requires skilled operators, proper technique to minimize rebound and ensure compaction

Limecrete

Also known as lime concrete, limecrete is a type of concrete where instead of using cement in the mix, lime is replaced. Doing so has certain benefits environmentally and health-wise. Environmentally, lime absorbs carbon dioxide as it sets and allows natural products like wood, straw, and hemp to be used as fibers without fear of composting or deterioration since limecrete controls moisture. In terms of health, lime plaster draws moisture out from inside which means that humidity control is more regulated, resulting in mold growth prevention. Furthermore, limewash and lime plasters are non-toxic so they do not contribute to air pollution inside like other paints would.

Key Properties and Benefits:

  • Environmental Impact: Lower carbon footprint than Portland cement concrete, carbon sequestration during curing
  • Breathability: Allows moisture movement, reducing dampness in buildings
  • Compatibility: Ideal for historic building restoration and natural building methods
  • Common Applications: Historic renovations, eco-friendly construction, breathable floor systems
  • Limitations: Lower strength than conventional concrete, longer curing time

Reinforced Concrete

Reinforced concrete combines standard concrete with steel reinforcement (typically in the form of rebar or mesh) to overcome concrete’s inherent weakness in tension. This combination creates a composite material that can withstand both compressive and tensile forces effectively. The steel reinforcement is strategically placed to resist tensile stresses, while the concrete primarily handles compression.

Key Characteristics:

  • Composition: Concrete with embedded steel reinforcement (rebar, mesh, or fibers)
  • Strength Properties: High compressive strength from concrete, tensile strength from steel
  • Common Applications: Beams, columns, slabs, foundations, bridges, and most structural concrete elements
  • Advantages: Versatility, durability, fire resistance, relatively economical
  • Considerations: Potential for corrosion of reinforcement if water penetrates to the steel

Pervious Concrete

Pervious (or permeable) concrete is designed specifically to allow water to pass through it, addressing stormwater management concerns and supporting sustainable construction practices. Unlike conventional concrete, it contains little or no sand, creating a network of interconnected voids that allow water to percolate through.

Key Properties:

  • Porosity: Typically 15-25% void content
  • Permeability: Can drain 3-8 gallons of water per minute per square foot
  • Compressive Strength: Usually 2,500-3,500 psi (17-24 MPa)
  • Environmental Benefits: Reduces stormwater runoff, recharges groundwater, reduces heat island effect
  • Common Applications: Parking lots, low-traffic pavements, sidewalks, driveways
  • Limitations: Lower strength than conventional concrete, requires regular maintenance to prevent clogging

Written by Adam Jimerson, Branch Manager – Nashville

Nashville Building damaed after storm and tornados

In the very early morning of Tuesday, March 3rd, 2020, Nashville and surrounding areas were hit with multiple tornadoes ranging in strength from EF 0 to EF 4 (185 MPH wind strength). As people began to wake up and start their normal work day, Nashvillians quickly realized that the usual normal was gone and a new normal was forming.  By the day’s end, the loss of life was at 25 and many, many others were living among devastation and ruin.  The amount of areas and people affected is baffling.

Andy Mayer, dispatcher in Nashville, was able to utilize his military training ensure all Penhall employees and family members were accounted for.  After we knew employee status, we changed our focus to our customers and their job sites trying to get an idea of potential damage.  There were many road closures due to debris and emergency people working.  On Tuesday, even though our building simply lost power, we were not about to function as normal.  Two crews were sent out to two job sites outside of the affected area.  We were able to spend the time calling on customers outside of Nashville, having conversations with customers who saw damage from the tornadoes, and strategizing best ways to continue to move things forward.   Over the next day and a half, we quickly realized along with citizens all over middle Tennessee that there is much to be done and Penhall, as a group of people, can step in and lend a hand.

Penhall truck and grill arriving in Nashville

After getting the go ahead from our President and CEO, Greg Rice, we devised a plan to bring in the grill to Nashville so that we could serve our community.  Ben McMahan, Branch Manager in Atlanta, was tremendous help.  He and his team went above and beyond.  It seemed impossible to get the grill to Nashville from Orlando, so we were going to put together an arsenal of smaller grills, but Ben refused that option and graciously sent Brad Walker to Orlando to get the grill to Georgia.  After the grill arrived in Forsyth, GA, Ben then sent “Tree” and Jon Huffine up from Atlanta at 3:00 a.m. determined to help us give back to Nashville.

Here in Nashville, Anita Woodall, Office Administrator, worked countless hours shopping for the event, buying supplies and organizing the details of whatever was needed.  Her organizational skills and determination to give back to her life-long community was evident.

 

Penhall Grill serving service workers after Nashville storms and tornado

The grill arrived at 8:30 a.m. on Friday. Because of the extent of damage in the area and the amount of electrical crews and emergence personnel in the area, we set up in the street. Russ Grub and Berry Thompson, who are scan techs here in Nashville, walked the streets inviting people to come and eat.  After firing up the grill, many first responders, crews, and people now without a home came to eat.  We were able to serve: 20 lbs of BBQ pork, 225 hamburgers, and 350 hot dogs to more than 300 people. Mike Bogle and David Duer, account managers, were able to work the grill and keep everyone feed.  People really came together.  Feeding that many people was incredible, but we also got to interact with people living in and working in that area. For example,  Joe Kemp, Operator for Nashville, served the community by moving boxes, washing machines and dryers, etc.  He even had lent his shoulder for a few to cry on. There were many tears fought and many shed by those of us serving and those we were able to serve.

What an amazing day for the folks at Penhall Nashville!!  We came together as a team and were able to make a change, even if it was only for a few hours.

Huge thanks goes to the following list of people  (in no particular order):

Penhall Team standing with grill after Nashville storms and Tornado

Atlanta Branch
Ben McMahan
Brad Walker
“Tree”
Joe Huffine
Nashville Branch
Anita Woodall- Admin
Andy Mayer- Dispatcher
Joe Kemp- Operator
Russ Grubb- Scan Tech
Berry Thompson- Scan Tech
Mike Bogle- Sales
David Duer- Sales
Scott Bennett- Area General Mgr
Corporate Support

The following is designed to provide some helpful tips and guidelines for safe and effective concrete cutting. It is not a substitute for comprehensive training or following manufacturers’ manuals for equipment operation.

  1. Safety: basic precautions must always be followed to reduce risk of injury or death
    1. Wear proper protective gear
      1. Safety glasses, safety footwear, ear protection, hard-hat and rubber boots if possible danger of electric shock. Also breathing protection or respirator in certain conditions
    2. Avoid openings and drop areas
      1. No matter how thick concrete slab is, the area has to be secure so as not to fall on anybody nearby
    3. Do not operate inside enclosed area that is not fully vented with a gasoline or diesel powered generator
      1. Due to carbon monoxide exposure
    4. Keep electrical connections dry and grounded to avoid electric shock and other injuries
    5. Do not cut into live electric or gas lines or operate in area that contains combustible materials or fumes
    6. Never stand in line with the blade and avoid all moving parts
    7. All operating equipment has to be correctly used
      1. Large cords are necessary to carry maximum current ratio
      2. Blade guard has to be in place
      3. Inspect flush-cut lade mounting screws daily
      4. Use proper lifting techniques because equipment is heavy
      5. Diamond blade should be inspected
        1. Don’t operate if it has core cracks, missing or broken segments, arbor hole damage, loss of blade tension
      6. Tighten blade shaft bolt to correct torque (50ft/lbs of torque for the AK-400M saw)
      7. Properly anchor equipment
      8. Maintain equipment properly
  2. Set Up: basic direction for set up of equipment must be followed, refer to diagram for further explanation
    1. Set the anchors completely and to the proper depth
    2. Mount the boots square to the cut line and proper distance away. Make sure they are tightly secure to the anchors
    3. Lay the track in the boots, and tighten in using the toe clamps. Make sure it’s completely secure
    4. Use the proper amount of boots for the length of track. (2 for 4 ft. track, 2 for 8 ft. track, but 3 for 10,12,20 ft. track). And if you are running a continuous track butt two tracks together in one double boot.
    5. Place the radial arm carriage onto the rack. Use the back roller handles to place in anywhere on track. Use the eccentric roller handles to secure the carriage.
    6. Install the blade and make sure it’s turning the proper direction. Re-installing the two belleville washers with the bolt when securing the blade is critical for safety.
    7. Install the motor with the spline shaft with the locking ears pointing away from motor and the male and female splines lined up. Close the locking ears when motor is secure.
    8. Install blade guard
    9. Plug all the necessary cords and controllers and make sure everything is off and in the correct mode until ready to begin cutting
      1. Male end of yellow cord into inverter
      2. Remote control into inverter
      3. Female end of incoming power cord into inverter
      4. Male end of incoming power cord into power source
      5. Start button on front panel of inverter should be pressed to turn both lights green
      6. Hook up and turn on water connections
  3. Cutting
    1. Always “up-cut” on first pass
    2. Always cut with the “rooster tails” trailing behind diamond blade. This means blade has to be taken off and flipped in reversed in direction
    3. When making a new pass, the blade has to enter gradually
    4. The first pass should not be deeper than 1in and therefore shallow
    5. The bigger the blade the slower it has to turn
    6. When cutting vertically always start at the top
    7. Last cut has to be vertical and secure to wall saw, preferably on the outside of opening, so it doesn’t move
  4. Tips
    1. Weather: cold
      1. Warm-up equipment and generator by starting it and keeping it running
      2. Bring extra water hose in case it freezes, and keep the water running, preferably have it be warm water
      3. Blow air out of all motors and saw to avoid frozen, expanded water ways damage
      4. Use antifreeze for equipment to avoid engine coolant from freezing

Dowel Bar Retrofit

Dowel Bar Retrofit (DBR) is a method of pavement repair that helps to re-establish a pavement’s load transfer integrity by placing steel, epoxy-coated dowels into already existing concrete across joints and cracks. The concrete is cut using a diamond-tipped blade and slots are created. Once the existing concrete has been removed, the dowels are placed in these slots, backfilled with a non-shrink grout, and the concrete is ground to ensure that the pavement remains smooth.

Slab Stabilization

Concrete is very often heavily trafficked and traveled. As a result, roads can become distressed, losing serviceability and support because there are spaces beneath concrete pavement slabs. These spaces are normally located around cracks or joints as a result of surface water that seeps into the pavement. Generally, voids are caused by pumping, subgrade failure, bridge approach failure, and consolidation. Slab stabilization solves the void issue without being destructive and is normally implemented in tandem with other concrete pavement restoration methods like diamond grinding or patching. This method fills the small spaces that are created underneath the concrete slabs and so restores support.

In this method, a cementious grout or polyurethane mixture is pumped into holes that are cored throughout the slab. The grout not only fills in the spaces underneath the slab, but also removes free water and continues to keep water from weakening the support once the slab stabilization has been completed. This process takes three basic steps once the voids have been found: drill holes, pump the slab with grout, and test the slabs post-stabilization.

While helpful, this method of concrete pavement restoration does not increase the design structural integrity, correct depressions, stop faulting, or eliminate erosion. However, it does restore the slab’s support and decreases deflections under heavy traffic. This should only be done where there are cracks and joints where support loss exists. The easiest way to find these spaces is simply visually: transverse joint faulting, shoulder drop off, corner breaks, and lines at or near joints and cracks are all indicators that repair is necessary. Although it is normally easiest to visually search for repair signs, another way to search for voids is by employing deflection testing. It is generally suggested that this testing be done at night.

Joint sealing

In concrete pavement, there exist joints by which random, uncontrolled cracking is minimized through a predetermined pattern. They are created by using a diamond blade or are manually input into the concrete. When the pavement is initially created, sealant is installed and once more after the sealant has expired and undergone a certain level of failure. Joint repair, or crack repair, is used to diminish the amount of surface water or other unwanted material that may infiltrate the joint system.

Joint sealants are also used in Concrete Pavement Restoration techniques to help diminish dowel bar corrosion. Resealing involves first removing the old sealant, shaping and cleaning the reservoir, and installing the rod before installing the sealant. In order to remove the sealant, one can saw, plow, cut, or even manually remove the old sealant and saws are often utilized in the shaping of the reservoir. It is important to be thorough when cleaning the reservoir: no traces of old sealant, dirt, or dust should remain and so it is suggested that water washing, sand-blasting, and air blowing the reservoir be done to remove any remaining particles. A double-wheeled, steel roller is used in backer rod installation when inserting the rod to the desired depth. Once the backer rod has been installed, the joint is filled with sealant which can be composed of numerous materials including silicone, preformed compression seals, and hot pour bituminous liquid.

Are you wondering if you need to use private utility locating services? Here are the most common reasons why our clients hire us for their locating needs.

811 won’t do the utility location.

811 is a public utility locator. They can locate all utilities from the street to the meter. Any utilities in your private property would need to be located by a private utility locator, such as Penhall Technologies.

They already hit a utility.

Oftentimes, our customers will call us because they started excavating without scanning first and hit a utility line. Therefore, they want us to scan the rest of their property to prevent any further damage. Striking a utility line can be costly and can result in injury.

They called someone else and they were unsuccessful.

This scenario goes hand in hand with the reason previously mentioned. Sometimes our clients do scan. However, the company they selected didn’t provide accurate markings and the client struck a utility as a result. Our analysts complete extensive utility locating training. They are trained to properly mark your site, provide written reports, and to provide you with the best service.

Home improvements.

It is always important to locate all utilities before doing any projects that require digging or excavating. This includes, but is not limited to: landscaping, fencing, pool installation, installing a mailbox, deck installation, among others.

Water leaks.

A lot of our clients suspect that they are dealing with a water leak. While we can’t locate the water leak itself, we can help you locate the water line and look for signals of wet soil that may indicate the location of the leak.

If you would like to schedule private utility location, or need assistance determining if private utility location is right for your projcet, please give us a call at 1-800-736-4255 or fill out our contact form.

Cruisin’ down the highway in a psychedelically-painted vehicle may have been groovy in the 60’s and early 70’s, but the road sure wasn’t. In the era of bell bottoms, “love-ins,” and good vibrations, when a stretch of pavement deteriorated, the only readily-available solution was to cover the concrete with two to three inches of asphalt overlay. While structurally sound, it made for a pretty rough ride.

As the ’70s transitioned into the ’80s, taxpayers started demanding smoother roads. In response, the highway industry started tightening specifications on the rideability of pavement. During this time, profile (bump) grinding became a commonly-used technique to remove bumps and smooth out concrete and asphalt highways.

By the 1990s, road repair technology and equipment had improved, and diamond grinding quickly became the preferred method for restoring concrete highways across America.

Diamond grinding is a process in which closely spaced diamond blades are used to remove surface imperfections, such as faults, warp and curl, to restore the surface to a smooth, level pavement and improve ride quality.

Concurrently, ensuring a safer driving experience became a priority for the Federal Highway Administration (FHA). As such, the FHA mandated that every state had to put transverse grooves on their highways. While transverse grooves were effective in getting the water off the concrete and preventing hydroplaning, they made the drive very noisy.

To find a better solution, California decided to groove longitudinally instead of transversely. While this went against the FHA’s mandate, it turned out that longitudinal grooving not only resulted in quieter pavement, it also improved the frictional characteristics of the roadway (making it safer).

Today (2014), more than 60 percent of states diamond grind to make their highways smoother, and longitudinally diamond groove to ensure a safer and quieter driving experience.

Modern day grinding and grooving processes accomplish the three things highway departments and government agencies want most:

  1. Improve frictional characteristics (most important because it makes the roadway safer).
  2. Smoothness.
  3. Noise reduction.

But because transportation agencies tend to be tight on time and capital, it’s important for a diamond grinding and grooving service provider to demonstrate the following:

  • References from other states that the company has worked for. This information can be helpful in evaluating the grinding and grooving provider’s experience and track record.
  • Large fleet of equipment. A company with a large fleet of diamond grinding and grooving equipment (as opposed to one or two machines) will help ensure that the project will get done reliably with no down time.
  • Examples of work done. Reputable companies should be able to readily provide multiple examples of diamond grinding and grooving projects they’ve completed.
  • Decades of experience. The approach to repairing, preserving, and improving highways has changed significantly over the past 50 years. A company that has been in the business for decades (as opposed to a handful of years) will be able to offer more value in terms of experience and expertise.

By: Dana Directo

Construction is definitely making a comeback in Hawaii.

One of the many notable projects is the Ewa Expansion at the Ala Moana shopping center in Honolulu, Hawaii (on the island of Oahu).

Ala Moana Center is the largest open-air shopping center in the world and one of the most popular shopping and social-gathering destinations in Honolulu. To meet growing demand, General Growth Properties, Inc., Ala Moana’s owner/manager, determined it was time for a face-lift.

The renovation will include an upgraded food court, customer amenities, pedestrian access from Ala Moana Boulevard and the addition of more than 1,000 parking spaces in the Mauka Ewa parking structure.

ala moana

However, before any of that work could begin, a significant portion of “old” structure needed to be removed.

Working with a long-time contracting partner, Penhall (dba Concrete Coring Company of Hawaii) was brought on to handle the structural demolition of the existing 160,000 square foot parking deck and a three-story building (formerly the Sears Building) that was connected to the mall.

That alone made the project an awesome undertaking, but when the Penhall team learned of the additional complexities associated with the job, things got even more interesting…

  • The Sears Building- a portion of the building was holding up the rest of the mall, so the Sears building had to be removed without weakening the support of the existing mall. Executing this required significant engineering capabilities. The team also had to carefully install shoring before the building could be taken down.
  • Sectional demolition – Usually, demolition starts at one end of a structure and goes to the other. Because of the unique logistics of the project, to stay on schedule, the team had to go around the building and take it down in sections—taking out the back end before taking out the front end.
  • Restrooms – there were two restrooms right at the very edge of the building wreck that had to remain open –and safe – during the demolition process. (Imagine having to use the facilities right next to a 40,000 lb machine on the other side of the wall …)
  • Christmas Season – all of the structural demolition had to take place during the Christmas shopping season, so the mall had to remain open the entire time.

When it was all said and done, 3,000 truckloads of cement, mixed waste, steel, and other materials were removed from the site.  Not only was the Penhall team able to get their end of the project completed on time, but they were able to do it safely, with minimal interruption to the Ala Moan shoppers and employees.

Now that the majority of the demolition has been completed, the Ewa Expansion has been able to progress and is gaining momentum toward its completion in 2015.

ala moana 2

By: Ray Dickinson

Mentoring

I think Ben Franklin said it best:

“Tell me and I forget, teach me and I may remember, involve me and I learn.”

Achieving and maintaining one of the best safety records in the construction industry does not happen by accident. It requires the development of highly-competent, safety-focused team members.

By no means is this an overnight process, but progress is much more secure and streamlined when there’s an effective mentor program in place. The following five pillars help support a mentor program that sufficiently prepares employees to be safe, efficient, high-quality service providers:

Dedicated Mentors

When looking for individuals to serve as mentors, it’s important that they be evaluated on factors, such as:

  • Work experience
  • Safety training
  • Industry knowledge
  • Professionalism (with customers and crew members)
  • Equipment care
  • Job preparation
  • Competency as a worker/supervisor
  • Adaptability

What’s more is that, since mentors are volunteering their time and job-related wisdom, mentors should also demonstrate that they care about helping others succeed and are invested in making the company the best it can be.

Deliberate Employee Screening

As the saying goes, when the student is ready, the teacher will appear. Construction jobs are not easy. There’s a lot to know and do – especially when it comes to ensuring everyone’s safety. So in addition to having a clean driving record, mechanical abilities, good social and communication skills, being drug-free, and presenting themselves well, employees need to demonstrate that they are teachable and coachable.Therefore, it’s important to evaluate new potential employees prior to matching them with a mentor. Two effective ways to do this are through new employee orientation and initial introduction to field work.

New employee orientation is the foundation for teaching trainees a set of standards for working safely and proficiently. Ideally, new employee orientation should address your company’s commitment to safety, established guidelines for communication, expectations for professional conduct, and safety training, among other things.

During the first two to three weeks of employment, it’s valuable to introduce new hires to different types of field work and allow them to serve in various capacities as both “helper” and “laborer.” Getting them involved in work allows management and co-workers to see what their work ethic is like, if they are punctual, dependable, their overall attitude, and how well they get along with others.

Mentoring Principles

Rather than simply giving answers to the trainee, mentors are most effective when they help the trainee find answers for themselves and facilitate their experience of discovery and learning. By providing a safe, supportive space that allows the trainee to experience their own attempts, failures, and successes, the trainee is able to develop their own natural strengths and potential.This is also why the employee screening is so important. While the mentor needs to be a facilitator and coach, the trainee needs to be open-minded to the guidance and facilitative methods of the mentor. If the trainee is always looking to their mentor for answers, then they’ll become too reliant on their mentor instead of their own skills and abilities.

Established Competency Levels

In order to effectively document the trainees’ process and ensure that they have the confidence, know-how, and ability to perform the work on their own, it’s important to establish competency levels.For example, at Penhall, Level 1 competency for core drilling includes things, such as:

  • Demonstrate the ability to safely secure the drill to the work area, adjust the drill rig to the hole, and successfully drill hole(s) through all materials using 110v, 220v drills with vacuum bases or mechanical anchors.
  • Drill holes up to 12” diameter and 12” thick.
  • Drill holes through floors, walls, corner and lifting holes for larger openings.
  • Understand and be knowledgeable in proper core catching techniques and know the OSHA regulations regarding covering openings in floors and walls.

Mentored trainees should also be required to complete checklists for the level in which they are enrolled and pass a written test for each level with a passing score of 90%.

Mentor Input

To ensure that the mentor program is accurately defined, reflects the goals of the company, and continuously improves, it’s vital to solicit feedback and input from mentors on things, such as the technical reviews of the competency levels, definitions, check-lists, evaluations sheets, etc.

When developed and implemented correctly, a mentor program can be the linchpin that secures a company’s ability to cultivate a safety-focused work force and consistently provide top-notch service quality.

FOLLOW US

#PenhallRedandGray

penhall menu logo
HEADQUARTERS

1212 Corporate Dr. Suite 500
Irving, TX 75038

1-800-PENHALL

FIND YOUR LOCAL PROVIDER
COMPANY

Our Story

Leadership Team

Careers

LOCATIONS

Penhall Company (USA)

Graff Company (CA)

Concrete Coring Company (HI)

SERVICES

Concrete Coring

Concrete Cutting

Concrete Scanning

Concrete X-Ray Imaging

Private Utility Locating

Demolition

Grinding & Grooving

Bridge Services

Surface Preparation

Concrete Breaking & Removal

Fiber Reinforced Polymer

Hydrodemolition

To receive notifications about our articles, sign up below. You many unsubscribe from these e-mails at anytime.

  • This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.

ENR The Top 600 Logo
ISNetworld logo
Avetta

© Copyright 2025 | Penhall Company | Terms & Conditions | Supplier Code of Conduct | Supplier Terms & Conditions | Sitemap | All Rights Reserved

  • About Us
    • Our Story
    • Leadership Team
    • Sustainability
  • Safety
  • Services
    • Concrete Services
      • Concrete Coring
      • Concrete Cutting
      • Demolition
      • Hydrodemolition
      • Structural Repair
      • Grinding & Grooving
      • Bridge Services
      • Scarifying & Shaving
      • Breaking & Removal
      • Operated Equipment Rentals
    • Technology Services
      • Concrete GPR Scanning
      • X-Ray Imaging
      • Private Utility Locating
      • Fiber Reinforced Polymer
  • Industries
  • Resources
    • Articles
    • Frequently Asked Questions
  • Contact Us
  • Find a Branch
  • Request a Quote
  • JOIN PENHALL COMPANY
  • Concrete Coring Company
  • Graff Company
  • About Us
    • Our Story
    • Leadership Team
    • Sustainability
  • Safety
  • Services
    • Concrete Services
      • Concrete Coring
      • Concrete Cutting
      • Demolition
      • Hydrodemolition
      • Structural Repair
      • Grinding & Grooving
      • Bridge Services
      • Scarifying & Shaving
      • Breaking & Removal
      • Operated Equipment Rentals
    • Technology Services
      • Concrete GPR Scanning
      • X-Ray Imaging
      • Private Utility Locating
      • Fiber Reinforced Polymer
  • Industries
  • Resources
    • Articles
    • Frequently Asked Questions
  • Contact Us
  • Find a Branch
  • Request a Quote
  • JOIN PENHALL COMPANY
  • Concrete Coring Company
  • Graff Company